Identifying research work (existing and ongoing), evaluation reports, books, articles, viewpoints, publications, etc.; discussing the catalysing effect of European Capitals of Culture (ECOC) on a local and regional level, for small- and medium-size cultural organisations and operators.

Focus: How ECOC contribute to local and regional cultural capacity (people not just buildings); What has been (and still exists afterwards) the connection between local arts and cultural activities and diverse audiences; How ECOC contributed to improving cultural cooperation between local communities across Europe.

Search criteria: Documents produced by former and current ECOC; Publications and online resources of European cultural networks; Documents and publications of the European Commission; Government documents – national and regional level; Country specific documents and publications; Academic publications (by universities, training centres, research institutes in Europe); Events of European networks, associations, government bodies.

Research methods: Internet searches – general search engines, online library catalogues, specific websites related to the topic; Short inquiry, distributed via email among 30 targeted experts, researchers and ECOC managers.

Search keywords used: European capitals of culture; ECOC and local development; Capitals of culture building regional capacities; ECOC and community development; ECOC impact on local communities; Evaluation of ECOC; ECOC and cultural cooperation; Capitals of culture: reports; Capitals of culture: impact; Capitals of culture: long-term effects.

Annotated bibliography

Many of the following publications are included in the LabforCulture database.The annotations of the resources marked with “*” are extracted from: European Cultural Capital Report (2007). Robert Palmer and Greg Richards. Arnhem, Atlas. With sincere thanks to Greg Richards for providing this information.

Books, research work, project reports

• Bekemans, L. (Ed.) (1994) Culture. Building Stone for Europe 2002: Reflections and Perspectives. Brussels, European Interuniversity Press.
• Cogliandro, G. L. (2001) European Cities of Culture for the Year 2000. A wealth of urban cultures for celebrating the turn of the century. Final Report, Association of the European Cities of Culture of the Year 2000, AECC/AVEC and G.L.Cogliandro.
• Deventer, K. (2004) Die EU und die Kulturhauptstadt Europas. Ein kulturpolitisches Gemeinschaftsprogramm zwischen Anspruch und Wirklichkeit. Opleiding Europese Studies, Universiteit van Amsterdam.
• Directorate General – Internal Policies, Committee on Culture and Education (2005) Report on the Culture and Education Committee Delegation to Cork (13-15 July 2005).
• Fridberg, T. and Koch-Nielsen, I. (1997) Cultural Capital of Europe, Copenhagen 96. Konsekvensanalyse af Kulturby 96. Copenhagen: Danish National Institute of Social Research.
• Genova 2004 srl. (2003) Genova 04-Capitale europea della Cultura, Genova. (In Italian).
• Gold, J.R. and Gold, M.M. (2005) Cities of Culture: Staging international festivals and the urban agenda, 1851-2000. Aldershot: Ashgate.
• Impacts 08 – European Capital of Culture Research Programme (2008) Research Initiative. University of Liverpool and Liverpool John Moores University: http://www.liv.ac.uk/impacts08/index.htm
• Kearns, G. and Philo, C. (Eds). (1993) Selling Places: The City as Cultural Capital, Past and Present. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
• Labrianidis, L. (2001) European Culture Capital: Thessaloniki 1997. Social Science Tribune, 31: pp. 65–98 (in Greek).
• Labrianidis, L. and Deffner, A. (2000) European Cities of Culture: impacts in economy, culture and theory, in: Delladetsimas, P., Hastaoglou, V., Hatzimihalis, C., Mantouvalou, M. and Vaiou, D. (Eds) Towards a Radical Cultural Agenda for European Cities and Regions. Thessaloniki: Kyriakidis, pp. 23–58.
• Labrianidis, L., Ioannou, D., Katsikas, I. and Kalogeressis, T. (1998) Ex post Evaluation of the Anticipated Economic Implications from European City of Culture Thessaloniki 1997, Financed by European City of Culture Thessaloniki ’97 (in Greek).
• Labrianidis, L., Ioannou, D., Katsikas, I. and Deffner, A. (1996) Evaluation of the Anticipated Economic Implications from European City of Culture Thessaloniki 1997, Financed by European City of Culture Thessaloniki ’97 (in Greek).
• Luxembourg and Greater Region, European Capital of Culture 2007. Final Evaluation Report. (2008).
• Moloney, R. (2006) An Economic Assessment of the Contribution of Tourism to Cork City and its Hinterland 2005. Cork City Council.
• Myerscough, J. (1994) European Cities of Culture and Cultural Months. Final Report. Glasgow: The Network of Cultural Cities of Europe.
• Myerscough, J. (1992) Measuring the impact of the arts: the Glasgow 1990 experience, Journal of the Market Research Society , No. 31: pp. 323–335.
• Myerscough, J. (1991) Monitoring Glasgow. Glasgow: Glasgow City Council.
• O’Connor, J. and Wynne, D. (1993) From the Margins to the Centre. Institute for Popular Culture, Manchester.
• Palmer, R. and Richards, G. (2007) European Cultural Capital Report. Arnhem, Atlas: http://www.atlas-webshop.org/epages/61492534.sf/en_GB/?ObjectPath=/Shops/61492534/Products/ATL_00048
• Palmer, R. (2004) European Cities and Capitals of Culture: Part I. Study Prepared for the European Commission. Brussels: Palmer-Rae Associates.
• Palmer, R. (2004) European Cities and Capitals of Culture: City Reports - Part II. Study Prepared for the European Commission. Brussels. Palmer-Rae Associates.
• Quinn, B. and O’Halloran, E. (2006) Cork 2005. An Analysis of Emerging Cultural Legacies. Research Paper.
• Richards, G. and Rotariu, L. (2008) Sibiu European Capital of Culture 2007, ATLAS, http://www.atlas-webshop.org/epages/61492534.sf
• Richards, G., Hitters, E. and Fernandes, C. (2002) Rotterdam and Porto, Cultural Capitals 2001: Visitor Research. Arnhem: ATLAS.
• Rotariu, I. (2007) An Outline on How to Boost the Communication of a Tourist Destination by the European Cultural Capital Program. Sibiu: Alma Mater.
• Sassatelli, Monica (2008). The Europe and Cultural Space in the European Cities of Culture. In: European Societies, 20 (2). Pp. 225-245
• Scott, A.J. (2000) The Cultural Economy of Cities: Essays on the Geography of Image Producing Industries. London: Sage.
• World Tourism Organisation and European Travel Commission (2005) City Tourism and Culture, the European Experience. Brussels: http://www.etc-corporate.org/resources/uploads/ETC_CityTourism&Culture_LR.pdf
• Zakarias, G., Gretzmacher, N., Gruber, M., Kurzmann, R., Steiner, M., Streicher, G. (2002) An Analysis of the Economic Impacts. Arts and Economics – Graz 2003 Cultural Capital of Europe. Commissioned by Graz 2003.
• Zukin, S. (1996) The Culture of Cities. Blackwell, Oxford.

Official documents

• European Commission (1985) Resolution of the Ministers Responsible for Cultural Affairs Concerning the Annual Event ‘European City of Culture’. Doc. 7081/84, 4th June, EC, Brussels.
• European Commission (1988) Inventory of Cultural Tourism Resources in the Member States and Assessment of Methods Used to Promote Them. DGVII, EC, Brussels.
• European Commission (1998) Culture, the Cultural Industries and Employment. Commission staff working paper, SEC (98) 837, EC, Brussels.
• Independent Advisory Panel for the UK nomination for European Capital of Culture 2008, Report on the short-listed applications for the UK nomination for European Capital of Culture 2008 (2003) Department for Culture Media and Sport, UK
• Report on the Nominations from Luxembourg and Romania for the European Capital of Culture 2007, issued by the Selection Panel for the European Capital of Culture 2007 (2004): http://ec.europa.eu/culture/pdf/doc670_en.pdf

Articles, papers, viewpoints, blogs

• Aiello, G. and Thurlow, C. (2006) Symbolic Capitals: Visual Discourse and Intercultural Exchange in the European Capital of Culture Scheme. Language and Intercultural Communication Vol. 6(2): pp. 148-162.
• Antonis, E. (1998) The socio-economic impact of Antwerp Cultural Capital of Europe 1993, in: A. Kilday (Ed.) Culture and Economic Development in the Regions of Europe (Llangollen: Ectarc), pp. 133–136.
• Arts and Culture in regeneration (2006) International Federation of Arts Councils and Culture Agencies (IFACCA), D'Art Topics in Arts Policy, number 25.
• Balsas, C. (2004) City centre regeneration in the context of the 2001 European Capital of Culture in Porto, Portugal, In: Local Economy, Vol 19(4): pp. 396-410.
• Bakucz, M. (2002) European Capital of Culture on the Periphery, Institute of Economics and Regional Studies, Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Pécs, Hungary: http://www.regional-studies-assoc.ac.uk/events/lisbon07/papers/bakucz.pdf
• Besson, E. and Sutherland, M. (2007) The European Capital of Culture Process: Opportunities for Managing Cultural Tourism. Position Paper. PICTURE project “Pro-active management of the Impact of Cultural Tourism upon Urban Resources and Economies”.
• Binns, Luke (2005) Capitalising on Culture: An Evaluation of Culture-Led Urban Regeneration Policy. The Futures Academy, Faculty of the Built Environment, DIT, Ireland: www.dit.ie/media/documents/research/thefuturesacademy/CAPITALISING-ON-2005.doc
• Boyle, M. and Hughes, G. (1991) The Politics of ‘The Real’: Discourses From the Left on Glasgow’s Role as European City of Culture 1990. Area 23(3): pp. 217-228.
• Booth, P. and Boyle, R. (1993) See Glasgow, See Culture. In: Bianchini, F. and Parkinson, M. Cultural Policy and Urban Regeneration: the West European Experience. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
• Brookes, P. and Bianchini, F. (2006) Confessions of a Place Marketer. In Godela Weiss-Sussex and Franco Bianchini (eds) Urban Mindscapes of Europe. pp. 287-299.
• Buursink, Jan (1997) The cultural strategy of Rotterdam. Department of Human Geography, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands: http://www.cybergeo.eu/index1203.html
• Cardiff 2008. (2002) Take Me Somewhere Good: Cardiff European Capital of Culture 2008. Cardiff: Cardiff 2008.
• Corijn, E. and van Praet, S. (1994) Antwerp 93 in the Context of European Cultural Capitals: Art Policy as Politics. Paper Presented at the Conference City Cultures, Lifestyles and Consumption Practices, Coimbra.
• Deconstructing the City of Culture: The Long-term Cultural Legacies of Glasgow 1990 (2005) Garcia Urban Studies; 42: pp. 841-868: http://usj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/42/5-6/841
• Deffner, A. and Labrianidis, L. (2005) Planning culture and time in a mega-event: Thessaloniki as the European City of Culture in 1997, International Planning Studies, (10)3-4: pp. 241-264: http://www.scholars-on-bilbao.info/fichas/DeffnetetaltIPS2005.pdf
• Delladetsimas, P., Hastaoglou, V., Hatzimihalis, C., Mantouvalou, M. and Vaiou, D. (Eds). (2000) Towards a Radical Cultural Agenda for European Cities and Regions. Thessaloniki: Kyriakidis.
• Downer, Charles T. (2003) Lille, European Capital of Culture (blog): http://ionarts.blogspot.com/2003/12/lille-european-capital-of-culture.html
• Dziembowska, J. and Funck, R. (2000) Cultural Activities as a Location Factor in European Competition Between Regions: Concepts and Some Evidence, Annals of Regional Science 34: pp. 1–12.
• English, E. (2005) Cork 2005 to Act as ‘Carrot’ to Attract New Wave of Tourists. In: The
  Examiner: January 2005.
• EU Praised for "cultural capital" initiative (2008). EurActiv: http://www.euractiv.com/en/culture/eu-praised-cultural-capital-initiative/article-172765
• European Capital of Culture 2010 (Blog): http://www.videosofturkey.com/videos_site.asp?id=32
• Evans, G. (2003) Hard-Branding the Cultural City – From Prado to Prada in: International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Vol. 27.2: pp. 417-40.
• Ferreira, Cl. (2004) Big Events and Cultural Revitalisation of Cities. A critical essay on the experiences of Lisbon’s Expo’98 and Porto 2001 – European City of Culture. In: Territorois do Turismo, Porto, 2004, 2.
• Garcia, B. (2005) Deconstructing the City of Culture: The Long-term Cultural Legacies of Glasgow 1990. In: Urban Studies, Vol. 42(5/6): pp.841-868.
• Garcia, B. (2004). Urban regeneration, arts programming and major events: Glasgow 1990, Sydney 2000 and Barcelona 2004, In: International Journal of Cultural Policy, 10(1): pp. 103–116.
• Genoa: Capital of Culture (2004): http://www.wantedinrome.com/articles/complete_articles.php?id_art=264
• Gnad, F. (1998) Business, Location and Networks of selected Companies in Culture Industries in the Region of Stockholm, In the Context of Stockholm, Cultural Capital of Europe 1998. Dortmund: Stadtart.
• Gomez, M.V. (1998) Reflective Images: the Case of Urban Regeneration in Glasgow and Bilbao, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 22: pp. 106–121.
• González, S. Córdoba 2016. Un espacio de encuentro duradero y colectivo
  Escuela de Arquitectura, Planificación y Paisaje. Universidad de Newcastle (in Spanish): http://www.cordoba2016.org/lainvenciondelasciudades/documentos/Sara%20Gonzalez.pdf
• Griffiths, R. (2006) City/culture discourses: Evidence from the competition to select the European Capital of Culture 2008, European Planning Studies, Vol. 14(4): pp. 415-430: http://halliejones.com/Resources/City-CultureCompetition.pdf
• Hall, C.M. (1997) Mega-events and their legacies, in: P.E. Murphy (Ed.) Quality Management in Urban Tourism. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 75–87.
• Hamerlynck, K. (2001) Rotterdam Cultuurstad?! Algemeen Dagblad. 13 October, p. R1.
• Helsinki City of Culture Foundation (2000) Helsinki-European City of Culture 2000. Helsinki: Helsinki City of Culture Foundation.
• Herrero, L.C., Sanz, J.A., Devesa, M., Bedate, A. and del Barrio, M.J. (2006) The Economic Impact of Cultural Events: A Case-Study of Salamanca 2002, European Capital of Culture. In: European Urban and Regional Studies, Vol. 13(1): pp. 41-57. DOI: 10.1177/0969776406058946
• Hitters, E. (2007) Porto and Rotterdam as Capitals of Culture: Towards the festivalization of urban cultural policy. In Richards, G. (ed.) Cultural Tourism: Global and local trends, NY: Haworth Press, pp. 281-302.
• Hughson, J. (2004) Sport in the "city of culture". International Journal of Cultural Policy, Volume 10( 3): pp. 319-330.
• Interview with Nuri Colakoglu on Istanbul's 2010 Cultural Capital bid (2006) EurActiv, 9 March 2006: http://www.euractiv.com/en/culture/interview-nuri-colakoglu-istanbul-2010-cultural-capital-bid/article-153262
• Jones, P. and Wilks-Heeg, St. (2004) Capitalising Culture: Liverpool 2008. In: Local Economy, Vol. 19( 4):pp. 341–360, November 2004.
• Kaleel Sakakeen (2005) SPAIN'S SOUL: Salamanca is a cultural capital and historic university town, The Patriot Ledger Quincy, MA, March 19, 2005: http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-9429419.html
• Kalogirou, N. (2003) Public architecture and culture: the case of Thessaloniki as European City of Culture for 1997. In: A. Deffner, D. Konstadakopulos and Y. Psycharis (Eds). Culture and Regional Economic Development Cultural, Political and Social Perspectives in Europe. Volos: Thessaly University Press.
• Liverpool Culture Company Limited (2002) The World in One City: Extract from Liverpool’s Bid Document. Liverpool: Liverpool Culture Company Limited.
• Lorenz, W. (2003) Graz als Kulturhauptstadt Europas: http://www.graz03.at/servlet/sls/Tornado/web/2003/content/CDE2523E52FE4BC2C1256E350056C215
• Mooney, G. (2004) Cultural Policy as Urban Transformation? Critical Reflections on Glasgow, European City of Culture 1990 in: Local Economy Vol. 19(4): pp. 327-340.
• O’Callaghan, C., Linehan, D. (2006) Identity, politics and conflict in dockland development in Cork, Ireland: European Capital. In: Cities, doi:10.1016/j.cities.2007.01.06.
• Palmer, R. (2004) The European Capitals of Culture: an event or process?’. In: Arts Professional. London, 1 November, p.5.
• Porto 2001 (2001) Programa Cultural. Porto: Porto 2001.
• Prado, Elvira. (2007). The candidacy to the European Capital of Culture: a Tool for International Dissemination. In: Lengua y Cultura - ARI Nº 113/2007, Fecha 25/10/2007
• Reason, M. (2006) Cartoons and the Comic Exposure of the European City of Culture. In Godela Weiss-Sussex and Franco Bianchini (eds). In: Urban Mindscapes of Europe. pp. 179-196.
• Richards, G. and Wilson, J. (2004) The Impact of Cultural Events on City Image: Rotterdam, Cultural Capital of Europe 2001 In: Urban Studies, Vol. 41(10): pp. 1931-1951: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a713633128~db=all~order=page
• Richards, G. (2002) The European Cultural Capital Event: Strategic Weapon in the Cultural Arms Race? In: Journal of Cultural Policy, Vol. 6(2): pp. 159-181. http://www.atlas-euro.org/pages/pdf/WinterUni2007/WU2007%20article%20richards%20Cultural_Capitals.pdf
• Richards, G. (1999) Cultural capital or cultural capitals?. In: L. Nystrom & C. Fudge (Eds). City and Culture: Cultural Processes and Urban Sustainability. Karlskrona: Swedish Urban Environment Council, pp. 403–414.
• Roche, M. (1994) Mega events and urban policy. Annals of Tourism Research, 21: pp. 1-19.
• Roth, S. (1999) Festivalisation and the media: Weimar, Culture City of Europe 1999. In: L. Nystrom & C. Fudge (Eds). City and Culture: Cultural Processes and Urban Sustainability. Karlskrona: Swedish Urban Environment Council, pp. 476–486.
• Santos, M. L. L. Dos, Gomes, R.T., Neves, J.S. et al. (2003) Publicos do Porto 2001. Lisbon: Observatoril das Actividades Culturais. (In Portuguese).
• Sassatelli, Monica (2009). Becoming Europeans. Cultural Identity and Cultural Policies. Palgrave-Macmillan.
• Six Cities Make Short List For European Capital Of Culture 2008: http://www.culture.gov.uk/reference_library/media_releases/2877.aspx
• Sjøholt, P. (1999) Culture as a Strategic Development Device: the Role of “European Cities of Culture”, with Particular Reference to Bergen. European Urban and Regional Studies, No. 6: pp. 339–347.
• Stavanger2008: From Norwegian Oil Capital to European Capital of Culture (Blog): http://www.iris.no/Internet/sn_eng.nsf/wvDocID/86266F9F0D2A92C4C12574940032CF4C
• Throsby, D. (1999) ‘Cultural Capital’, Journal of Cultural Economics 23 (1–2): pp. 3–12.
• Tzonos, P. (1998) The Projects of Thessaloniki, European City of Culture, as carriers of culture. Entefktirio, 42/43: pp. 77–88 (in Greek).
• Uraz , A. (2007) Culture for Regenerating Cities: What can Istanbul 2010 learn from the European Capitals of Culture Glasgow 1990 and Lille 2004? MA thesis. Erasmus University of Rotterdam.
• Xidakis, N. (1997) The European City of Culture begins. I Kathimerini, 31/12/1997 (in Greek).

Virtual libraries and websites

• Association of Candidate Cities to the European Capital of Culture: http://www.candidatecities.com
• European Capitals of Culture, official website: http://ec.europa.eu/culture/our-programmes-and-actions/doc413_en.htm
• Graz 2003: List of publications: http://www.graz03.at/servlet/sls/Tornado/web/2003/content/011E37DA321922AEC1256E3500579515
• University Network of the European Capitals of Culture: http://www.uneecc.org/htmls/welcome_page.html

Special thanks also to: Kathrin Deventer, Jordi Pascual, Lia Ghilardi, Liz Melany, Priska Pschaid, Dr.Grabensberger, Dea Vidovic and Cristina Farinha for their professional contribution and help during the process of resource mapping.

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