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All over Europe, citizens are turning away from classic political participatory processes. This is reflected by low numbers of voters at polling stations during elections and a general disenchantment with politics. One criticism is that – increasingly influenced by private or narrow-topic interest groups – the people and institutions active in politics are losing legitimacy, and no longer work as elected representatives for the general public good. Feelings of powerlessness and disillusionment when it comes to 'institutional politics' are rife as trust in representative democracy ebbs. What Colin Crouch calls 'post-democratic' tendencies now share the field with a rising number of new ways of getting involved in politics or socially conscious projects. This development could be considered a positive one, interpreted as proof that democracy is still alive and kicking. However, these new forms of political involvement are to a large extent determined by access to education, income and competencies. Groups and individuals with no access to these resources remain excluded from participation in civil society and political processes. It can be shown empirically that socially disadvantaged groups with poor educational opportunities suffer under a conspicuous 'empowerment gap'. |
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